The Federal Employers\u27 Liability Act, a Bane for Workers, a Bust for Railroads, a Boon for Lawyers

This Article examines the Federal Employers\u27 Liability Act (FELA). The authors chronicle the development of the FELA, and details the inadequacies of the act as a compensation mechanism for injured railroad workers. The authors argue that the FELA is outdated and counter-productive, because recovery under the FELA requires considerable litigation and a large amount of the costs involved are directed to legal fees and administration. The authors further argue that workers\u27 compensation mechanisms are more suitable for railroad workplace injuries and call for the repeal of the FELA

3D Computational Ghost Imaging

Computational ghost imaging retrieves the spatial information of a scene using a single pixel detector. By projecting a series of known random patterns and measuring the back reflected intensity for each one, it is possible to reconstruct a 2D image of the scene. In this work we overcome previous limitations of computational ghost imaging and capture the 3D spatial form of an object by using several single pixel detectors in different locations. From each detector we derive a 2D image of the object that appears to be illuminated from a different direction, using only a single digital projector as illumination. Comparing the shading of the images allows the surface gradient and hence the 3D form of the object to be reconstructed. We compare our result to that obtained from a stereo- photogrammetric system utilizing multiple high resolution cameras. Our low cost approach is compatible with consumer applications and can readily be extended to non-visible wavebands.Comment: 13pages, 4figure

Influence of Life Skills on Sexual Behaviorin Adolescent at Seberang Ulu Area of Palembang City

Background: Sex is an aspect that is important for the development of adolescent. Mobility and construction of various facilities in Palembang city, especially Seberang Ulu area is increasing. Increased development raises its own dilemma, on one side the people in dire needs of development, but on the other side occurs that changed the moral decline in adolescent values, norms and lifestyles are followed by a media revolution and an increasingly independent behavior. This study aims to determine the influence of life skills on sexual behavior in adolescents. This research was done in May-June 2011 in the Seberang Ulu Area. Methods: This is quantitative research with cross sectional approach. The subject were all of adolescents aged 12-21 years in Seberang Ulu area of Palembang City with 96 respondents sample. The statistical test used chi square test by using SPSS version 17 program. Result: The results showed that there is the influence of life skills (p = 0.015), hard skills (knowledge of sex) (p = 0.012), soft skills (religiosity, self-confidence, and self-concept) (p = 0.000) towards sexual behavior in adolescent, partially religiosity (p = 0.015), confidence (p = 0.018), and self-concept (p = 0.027) also influence of sex behavior. Conclusion: Life skills, soft skills, religiosity, self-confidence, and self-concept is a risk factor while the hard skills is preventing factor of free sex in adolescents. We need a development model life skills-based education for free sex prevention

SLC19A1 transports immunoreactive cyclic dinucleotides.

The accumulation of DNA in the cytosol serves as a key immunostimulatory signal associated with infections, cancer and genomic damage1,2. Cytosolic DNA triggers immune responses by activating the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway3. The binding of DNA to cGAS activates its enzymatic activity, leading to the synthesis of a second messenger, cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (2'3'-cGAMP)4-7. This cyclic dinucleotide (CDN) activates STING8, which in turn activates the transcription factors interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), promoting the transcription of genes encoding type I interferons and other cytokines and mediators that stimulate a broader immune response. Exogenous 2'3'-cGAMP produced by malignant cells9 and other CDNs, including those produced by bacteria10-12 and synthetic CDNs used in cancer immunotherapy13,14, must traverse the cell membrane to activate STING in target cells. How these charged CDNs pass through the lipid bilayer is unknown. Here we used a genome-wide CRISPR-interference screen to identify the reduced folate carrier SLC19A1, a folate-organic phosphate antiporter, as the major transporter of CDNs. Depleting SLC19A1 in human cells inhibits CDN uptake and functional responses, and overexpressing SLC19A1 increases both uptake and functional responses. In human cell lines and primary cells ex vivo, CDN uptake is inhibited by folates as well as two medications approved for treatment of inflammatory diseases, sulfasalazine and the antifolate methotrexate. The identification of SLC19A1 as the major transporter of CDNs into cells has implications for the immunotherapeutic treatment of cancer13, host responsiveness to CDN-producing pathogenic microorganisms11 and-potentially-for some inflammatory diseases

Droplet size and nozzle tip pressure from a pulse-width modulation sprayer

Pulse-width modulation (PWM) sprayers can improve application accuracy through flow control, turn compensation, and high-resolution overlap control by pulsing an electronically-actuated solenoid valve which controls the relative proportion of time each solenoid valve is open (duty cycle). The objective of this experiment was to identify the droplet size distribution and nozzle tip pressure when influenced by PWM duty cycle, nozzle technology, and gauge pressure to provide PWM guidelines. The experiment was conducted in a low-speed wind tunnel at the Pesticide Application Technology Laboratory using a SharpShooter® PWM system. In general, for non-venturi nozzles, as duty cycle decreased, droplet size slightly increased between 40 and 100% duty cycles. Conversely, venturi nozzles did not always follow this trend. The lowest duty cycle evaluated (20%) negatively impacted droplet size and caused inconsistencies for all nozzle by pressure combinations. The addition of a solenoid valve lowered nozzle tip pressure while gauge pressure remained constant indicating a restriction is present within the solenoid valve. Greater orifice sizes increased the pressure loss observed. Duty cycle minimally impacted nozzle tip pressure trends which were similar to the electrical square wave PWM signals. However, venturi nozzles deviated from this trend, specifically twin-fan, single pre-orifice venturi nozzles. In conclusion, venturi nozzles are not recommended for PWM systems as they may lead to inconsistent applications, specifically in regards to droplet size generation and nozzle tip pressures. Spray pressures of 276 kPa or greater and PWM duty cycles of 40% or greater are recommended to ensure proper PWM operation